people; therefore they will be punished. The phrase ‘brotherly obligations’ (1:9) could refer to a notice of the earlier covenant relationship (under Yahweh) which united these nations during the period of David under the imperium of God. By logical extension, the covenant norms are applied to the nations, and the curses are based on their breach of these Israelite covenant laws.14 This attractive hypothesis, which connects the final Davidic oracle of salvation in Amos with the first oracle of doom,
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